diff --git a/pdfplumber/container.py b/pdfplumber/container.py
index ca5a92c..a626084 100644
--- a/pdfplumber/container.py
+++ b/pdfplumber/container.py
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ class Container(object):
         precision: Optional[int] = None,
         indent: Optional[int] = None,
     ) -> Optional[str]:
+
         data = self.to_dict(object_types)
 
         serialized = Serializer(
diff --git a/pdfplumber/convert.py b/pdfplumber/convert.py
index 0e4e54f..5c285d0 100644
--- a/pdfplumber/convert.py
+++ b/pdfplumber/convert.py
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ class Serializer:
         include_attrs: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         exclude_attrs: Optional[List[str]] = None,
     ):
+
         self.precision = precision
         self.attr_filter = get_attr_filter(
             include_attrs=include_attrs, exclude_attrs=exclude_attrs
diff --git a/pdfplumber/display.py b/pdfplumber/display.py
index 15dd3d6..f8caa5c 100644
--- a/pdfplumber/display.py
+++ b/pdfplumber/display.py
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ def get_page_image(
     password: Optional[str],
     antialias: bool = False,
 ) -> PIL.Image.Image:
+
     src: Union[pathlib.Path, BufferedReader, BytesIO]
 
     # If we are working with a file object saved to disk
@@ -356,6 +357,7 @@ class PageImage:
         x_tolerance: T_num = utils.DEFAULT_X_TOLERANCE,
         y_tolerance: T_num = utils.DEFAULT_Y_TOLERANCE,
     ) -> "PageImage":
+
         words = self.page.extract_words(
             x_tolerance=x_tolerance, y_tolerance=y_tolerance
         )
@@ -368,6 +370,7 @@ class PageImage:
         fill: T_color = (255, 0, 0, int(255 / 4)),
         stroke_width: int = DEFAULT_STROKE_WIDTH,
     ) -> "PageImage":
+
         self.draw_rects(
             self.page.chars, stroke=stroke, fill=fill, stroke_width=stroke_width
         )
diff --git a/pdfplumber/pdf.py b/pdfplumber/pdf.py
index f322cc9..aaf50e3 100644
--- a/pdfplumber/pdf.py
+++ b/pdfplumber/pdf.py
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ class PDF(Container):
         repair: bool = False,
         gs_path: Optional[Union[str, pathlib.Path]] = None,
     ) -> "PDF":
+
         stream: Union[BufferedReader, BytesIO]
 
         if repair:
diff --git a/pdfplumber/repair.py b/pdfplumber/repair.py
index e06abe9..a7a7b90 100644
--- a/pdfplumber/repair.py
+++ b/pdfplumber/repair.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ def _repair(
     password: Optional[str] = None,
     gs_path: Optional[Union[str, pathlib.Path]] = None,
 ) -> BytesIO:
+
     executable = gs_path or shutil.which("gs") or shutil.which("gswin32c")
     if executable is None:  # pragma: nocover
         raise Exception(
diff --git a/pdfplumber/table.py b/pdfplumber/table.py
index 6d0fd8e..28e5435 100644
--- a/pdfplumber/table.py
+++ b/pdfplumber/table.py
@@ -286,6 +286,7 @@ def intersections_to_cells(intersections: T_intersections) -> List[T_bbox]:
                     and edge_connects(bottom_right, right_pt)
                     and edge_connects(bottom_right, below_pt)
                 ):
+
                     return (pt[0], pt[1], bottom_right[0], bottom_right[1])
         return None
 
@@ -396,6 +397,7 @@ class Table(object):
         return rows
 
     def extract(self, **kwargs: Any) -> List[List[Optional[str]]]:
+
         chars = self.page.chars
         table_arr = []
 
diff --git a/pdfplumber/utils/clustering.py b/pdfplumber/utils/clustering.py
index 0ce7cd6..961ab31 100644
--- a/pdfplumber/utils/clustering.py
+++ b/pdfplumber/utils/clustering.py
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ def cluster_objects(
     tolerance: T_num,
     preserve_order: bool = False,
 ) -> List[List[R]]:
+
     if not callable(key_fn):
         key_fn = itemgetter(key_fn)
 
diff --git a/pdfplumber/utils/text.py b/pdfplumber/utils/text.py
index 6318a32..366eea2 100644
--- a/pdfplumber/utils/text.py
+++ b/pdfplumber/utils/text.py
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ class TextMap:
         return_chars: bool = True,
         main_group: int = 0,
     ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+
         if isinstance(pattern, Pattern):
             if regex is False:
                 raise ValueError(
@@ -346,8 +347,8 @@ class WordExtractor:
             word[key] = ordered_chars[0][key]
 
         return word
-
-    def set_tolerances_from_ratio(self, t: T_obj, axis_range: Iterable = "x"):
+    
+    def set_tolerances_from_ratio(self, t: T_obj, axis_range: Iterable='x'):
         """
         If there is a `tolerance_ratio` for any axis, overrides the tolerance with ratio * size of `t`. Allows for dynamic tolerances to react to different text sizes within a single call.
 
@@ -358,9 +359,11 @@ class WordExtractor:
         for i in axis_range:
             if self.__getattribute__(f"{i}_tolerance_ratio") is not None:
                 self.__setattr__(
-                    f"{i}_tolerance",
-                    set_tolerance(t, self.__getattribute__(f"{i}_tolerance_ratio")),
-                )
+                    f"{i}_tolerance", 
+                    set_tolerance(
+                        t, self.__getattribute__(f"{i}_tolerance_ratio")
+                        )
+                    )
 
     def char_begins_new_word(
         self,
@@ -604,6 +607,5 @@ def dedupe_chars(chars: T_obj_list, tolerance: T_num = 1) -> T_obj_list:
     deduped = yield_unique_chars(chars)
     return sorted(deduped, key=chars.index)
 
-
 def set_tolerance(t, tolerance_ratio):
-    return tolerance_ratio * (t["bottom"] - t["top"])
+    return tolerance_ratio*(t['bottom'] - t['top'])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_ca_warn_report.py b/tests/test_ca_warn_report.py
index c8984b8..5448f4e 100644
--- a/tests/test_ca_warn_report.py
+++ b/tests/test_ca_warn_report.py
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ class Test(unittest.TestCase):
         assert len(p.images)
 
     def test_parse(self):
+
         rect_x0_clusters = utils.cluster_list(
             [r["x0"] for r in self.pdf.pages[1].rects], tolerance=3
         )
diff --git a/tests/test_issues.py b/tests/test_issues.py
index fdc519f..614b4c2 100644
--- a/tests/test_issues.py
+++ b/tests/test_issues.py
@@ -51,12 +51,14 @@ class Test(unittest.TestCase):
             """
 
             for cl in checklines:
+
                 if (
                     checkbox["height"] > (RECT_HEIGHT - RECT_TOLERANCE)
                     and (checkbox["height"] < RECT_HEIGHT + RECT_TOLERANCE)
                     and (checkbox["width"] < RECT_WIDTH + RECT_TOLERANCE)
                     and (checkbox["width"] < RECT_WIDTH + RECT_TOLERANCE)
                 ):
+
                     xmatch = False
                     ymatch = False
 
diff --git a/tests/test_utils.py b/tests/test_utils.py
index 50d78d3..7898bcc 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -66,11 +66,9 @@ class Test(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_x_tolerance_ratio(self):
         pdf = pdfplumber.open(os.path.join(HERE, "pdfs/issue-987-test.pdf"))
-        assert pdf.pages[0].extract_text() == "Big Te xt\nSmall Text"
-        assert pdf.pages[0].extract_text(x_tolerance=4) == "Big Te xt\nSmallText"
-        assert (
-            pdf.pages[0].extract_text(x_tolerance_ratio=0.15) == "Big Text\nSmall Text"
-        )
+        assert pdf.pages[0].extract_text() == 'Big Te xt\nSmall Text'
+        assert pdf.pages[0].extract_text(x_tolerance=4) == 'Big Te xt\nSmallText'
+        assert pdf.pages[0].extract_text(x_tolerance_ratio=0.15) == 'Big Text\nSmall Text'
 
     def test_extract_words(self):
         path = os.path.join(HERE, "pdfs/issue-192-example.pdf")
@@ -99,6 +97,7 @@ class Test(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_extract_words_punctuation(self):
         path = os.path.join(HERE, "pdfs/test-punkt.pdf")
         with pdfplumber.open(path) as pdf:
+
             wordsA = pdf.pages[0].extract_words(split_at_punctuation=True)
             wordsB = pdf.pages[0].extract_words(split_at_punctuation=False)
             wordsC = pdf.pages[0].extract_words(